You are using an out of date browser. It may not display this or other websites correctly. You should upgrade or use an alternative browser. Sort by date Sort by reaction score. Jan 27, 2, 15 Mt Airy, NC. Typically in stores, they weigh about 22 oz, finished. Has anyone butchered for that size? What age and live weight did you target? Jun 8, 0 Sodus, Michigan. I would like to do this as well, but I hadn't even researched the "store weight" as you have. In addition to the answer to your question, I would like to know whether the regular Cornish is still used for those cornish hens as opposed to simply culling the Cornish X early while still small Judy Crowing Premium Feather Member.

Feb 5, 34, South Georgia. These 2 hatchery sties pretty well tell the story. You butcher at 2 to 2. Cornish hens in the grocery are female cornish X butchered young. Jun 23, 1 Vernon. Jul 6, 63 0 I think I was at 7. Mostly I thought I was making room in the coop, but it turned into a plan for next year.

UncleHoot Songster 12 Years. May 22, 8 St. Johns, Michigan. Definitely not 6 weeks or more. At 6 weeks, you have a fryer. At weeks, you have a roaster. At 10 weeks, you have a turkey. Jan 13, 2, 7 Howard City, Michigan. As the bird grows, however, these combs often lose their uniform appearance.

Therefore, they often look like they have a blob located on top of their head. Cornish chickens also have a slightly rounded beak and deep, wide-set eyes. The feathers on a Cornish bird are extremely short and tightly grouped.

They are, however, much thinner than on most chickens. The color of the feathers varies depending on the variety of Cornish chicken, but the most common is the dark Cornish. These birds have a blue-green tint when you look at them. Cornish roosters tend to want to fight and argue more than many domestic chicken breeds. Hens, however, are quiet and docile.

Both roosters and hens need more room to exercise than an ordinary domestic chicken, or they will develop stiff legs and become even crankier. Generally, Cornish chickens are docile towards their handlers, but they do require more room than the average chicken, or they will become aggressive.

Cornish mothers tend to be excellent mothers, but they can get aggressive when they think their young are being attacked. They tend to be more broody than some breeds. They may sit on a nest without eggs in it or on a rock or other area of their cage. Their lack of tail feathers, however, means that they can cover very few eggs. Cornish chicks tend to be more cannibalistic than other breeds.

This behavior often starts as feather pulling or pecking when the chicks are only a few days old. Then, it may escalate to aggressive pecking if an injury occurs. Since this tends to be a learned behavior, eliminating stressors before and after hatching can help reduce cannibalism. Any injured chicks should be removed from the flock and receive separate veterinary care. Cornish chickens are not prolific egg layers.

Generally, they lay fewer than eggs per year. These eggs are small and brown. Physically, their heart-shaped body reduces the amount of room available for carrying eggs. For others experimenting with these lovely big chickens, reducing their weight may change the outcome of their egg yokes and thereby the success of their chicks. Losing weight and keeping them smaller less fat, fewer yokes seems to be the most important lesson.

Add to that keeping them as cool as possible given your climate. I hope my experience helps someone. So, wish me luck and them a long healthy, happy life with this first time chicken mommy. Thanks for reading my story. Hi Deborah, Thanks for sharing your experience with these gentle chickens. I will probably not keep them as laying hens again because the cost of feeding is higher than many breeds, but I did enjoy trying the experiment.

Enjoy your chickens! This has been my experience, the solf eggs triple eggs to get better. I have and am raising chicks from my 12 hens and three rosters. My first was chick to chick just over six months. I have pictures and documentation. As for the heat I put a fan on mine as well as a water pan for them to walk in cooling them off.

One of them started laying literally on the day she turned 16wks 3 days ago. I have 10 for ish x bullets at 8 weeks. These girls are huge, but they forage with my laying pullets same age. I recently picked up some unsexed chicks, cornish x from the same hatchery. Some of the new lot have black spots which are coming in as black feathers. This second group is too young to sex. Do you think the color is just barred rock ancestry, or is it sex-linked?

Hi Silkienne, It sounds like the ones with black spots are showing a genetic throwback to their parents. I have not seen this in Cornish x but it is certainly possible.

Best wishes with your chickens! I saw videos of how they are raised in chicken houses and I was sad for them. I would hold the bag of feed at ground level and then run and make them chase me.

At one point the biggest of the Cornish was stung by a scorpion at least three times in the face he got pretty sick had a difficult time walking so I brought him inside my house and gave him a fan and a wet towel to lay on kept him with me for three daysi pulled him in a wagon while I would work outside until he could walk well enough again.

Hi Elizabeth! Thanks for sharing your experience with the Cornish x chickens. I do believe that they can be kept healthy and happy with the proper attention and feed schedule.

I have two Cornish Rocks. One male, one female. Once our Leghorn hen chased them out of the run so she could lay an egg and they were scared and lost. I helped them get back into the run. All they wanna do is sit, eat and sleep. The rest of my chickens are free range, but these two have no desire to leave their coop. I bought some chicks from rural king, I was told they were Cochin chicks. But they all have smooth legs.

Are they doomed to die early? Hi Kim, Not necessarily. Anyways I bought 8 chicks awhile ago with 2 being Cornish x because I wanted to try to raise some before buying a whole bunch. The chicks have been in the coop now for awhile and the two have never been on different feed than chick starter like the rest of the herd. I know this is an old post, but I came across it and wanted to comment.

Someone recently sold us an 8-month-old cornish cross who has just started laying. Most of her eggs are soft-shell or even shell-less, but we have gotten a couple hard-shelled ones and we put them in the incubator. The one we put in a few days ago is definitely showing signs of life and we hope to see a baby around the 26th of the month. We are so excited. We also found that our roosters are all interested in her and actually fight over her. Very cool to hear this, Tiffany…thanks so much for sharing.

Looking forward to hearing how the hatch goes! Just hatched out the first baby! Her eyes had a hard time opening and needed some help before she could see enough to walk, but she seems to be doing well now. We are anxiously awaiting 3 more from our hen that seem to be growing great. Hi, a friend just gave me three, what she calls Cornish X hens. They are big and red and look like Rhode Island Reds. They are prolific eggs layers — at least one a day from each bird and the eggs are large dark brown eggs.

Not sure if these are what she says or not. These are my first chickens, oh, and she said they are 2 yrs. Any ideas what they might be if they need a special diet?

I will not be eating them. Hi Donna, Cornish X are white. I just got 2 Cornish hens and my other chickens pick on them. I had to separate them. Will they ever stop picking on them? I will never kill one. I wonder if they will live long enough to lay eggs? Hi Laura, Introducing new chickens to a flock can be difficult at first. If possible, put the newbies in a pen where they can all see each other for a few days and then put them in with the flock at night.

Give them places where they can hide if they are frightened. Since the last time I posted, my 1yo pet Cornish X Iso has gone broody rather ironic seeing as though my BOs are three and have never done so!

We are very excited to see if her clutch hatches and what kind of a mother she may be! Oh my goodness! Stop by and share the results if you have time! I have 15 cornish x in my coop right now.

Although they are mostly meant for meat, I can see that there is at least one pullet that is more active and not an eating machine.

I am planning to keep her and try this experiment again. Your comment has inspired me! I was down to only one hen left and I got 6 new babies this spring and had a raccoon attack last night and lost 2 and one is injured.

Thanks so much for the advice! Happy to help out, Tonya! I hope you have good luck with your chickens. Be sure they get extra protein in their feed to help them grow strong enough to support their weight.

She has a best friend, white Brahma. I have a full plate, a new project with a blind rooster, healing from accidental fight. Feed her a higher protein feed if you can…or supplement with some protein. Extra calcium, free choice, is best too. The hen I kept laid very well, but for a fairly short period of time. Her eggs were a normal, medium size when she was full grown. I also had more hens for the one rooster than I should have…so it may not have been her fault. Thanks for stopping by!

I found your comment in my spam folder, so I apologize for taking so long to respond. Let us know how your hen is doing! We have one Cornish cross that feel off a truck and has lived in our garden for several months :.

Is it the other way around? Our girl gets a lot of exercise and fresh produce, lol. Yes, a lower protein feed is better for keeping your Cornish x chicken from getting too huge. Enjoy your free ranging hen and her eggs. He is no longer here. I have a cornishx hen. Her name is noodle she was the little chicken. She lays eggs…she is freerange but she is very big. I had 4 but others died probably heart. They only live for about a year.. The one I had was such a comical creature.

Noodle sounds like the perfect name! We have a Cornish X hen named Iso that we accidentally adopted and have kept as a layer. Our RIR rooster breeds with her the same as he does the others. One of her eggs hatched a few weeks ago. Hi, I have a 1yr old CornishX, and she lays a nice big egg a day, usually in the bedding straw in the corner of the hen house. The roosters have no problem mating with her. I call her Bertha Butt. We just finished our last one from the freezer.

So maybe I will keep a couple of the pullets and try this again. Is there any chance you could give us update pictures? I have three Cornish X hens and two Polish hens. They are all about 5 months old. I hope they start laying eggs soon. This is my first time raising chickens so I did not want to buy all fancy chickens in case our neighbors dog ate them or something like that happened. To my surprise they are all doing very well. I am concerned about my Cornish X hens though as they are getting very large despite the larger pen I moved them into and feed restrictions.

They can no longer walk up the ramp to the chicken coop so I have to physically pick them up each night and put them in the coop. They do not have any visible injuries or signs of heart conditions but I am worried that I am doing them more harm than good by keeping them alive. Hi Kristina, I can understand your quandry. The Cornish X chickens are not bred to live beyond a couple of months of age and they are basically eating machines. She did lay a few eggs but not many and not for very long.

Perhaps they will be happy and will die in their sleep. Let your heart guide you in your decision. Best wishes. Mine are so fat I can hardly pick them up and I cried today when my boyfriend wanted to give one to neighbor to eat. You should stop feeding any bag or industrialized food to your chickens. They will survive in optimal health if you let them eat from nature only. I will let you know what happens hopefully they stay a normal weight but you should definitely stop bag feeding.

Chickens in the wild eat worms, bugs, specks of microorganisms, leaves, fruits and vegetables. Just allowing them to scratch the ground and peck all day is all they require.

Bag food also contaminates the eggs.. They taste so much better. If you fully pasture raise animals make sure you supplement with some sort of fly or bug trap or compost pile for bugs, that will help with protein.

At the end of the 6 months they were acting like crack beads and I realized that surprisingly an acre is not enough for a dozen chickens without supplemental systems for added protein and calcium especially.

My Cornish cross is laying 2 eggs a day and my rooster is very fond of her. I am going to put her eggs in an incubator. She has no interest in sitting on a nest unfortunately. Hi Lucas, This sounds like a great experiment! Stop by and let me know how it goes. Thanks for sharing…Lisa Lynn.

I, too, have a Cornish cross hen laying an egg a day. She free ranges with the neighbor chickens, and got herself a pretty handsome Roo. I have just hatched 3 Cornish cross chicks in an incubator, layer by 6 month old hens….

I have two hens still surviving. I have just been blessed with 24 grown hens and two Roos and they are laying. I plan on hatching the eggs as a large bird person what sort of chicken can I expect.

As thes chickens are bread to size will this trait follow on the new chicks. Hi Joseph, You are likely to get white chickens of varying sizes. Most likely you will not get many that grow as big for early butchering as you would if you ordered Cornish X chicks. How did the chicks turn out Joseph? Fingers crossed. I have raised 8 of these birds to egg laying age and have had my first egg today. I purchased 10 this spring and have only lost 2. I have 2 NH red Roos I am going to breed them with and see If I can get a crossbreed that will produce eggs and meat chickens with out them dying too soon of fast growth complications.

My NH red Roos are a few weeks younger than the X hens and have not even started to crow. But when they do I will be adding them to the girls and see what turns out, nature finds a way. Will keep everyone posted. I think that I can create a sustainable flock this way.

Best wishes with your experiment, Davy! I am looking forward to hearing how everything goes. Hi Barry, I butchered that hen at about 1. How did you get on with breeding your Cornish? I have just started a very similar setup, breeding some lovely big Cornish with my heritage roo. The other are black with a little more yellow than a Barred chick.

Hi Dallas, I know that crossbreeding can produce some interesting colors and I have quite a few cross breeds in my flock. I know there are people who do experiment and share their results on some of the forums. Unfortunately, I did not get any fertile eggs from my Cornish X hen, and I ended up butchering her at around 1 year of age as she had stopped laying.

She was very tasty! There are a couple of people who left comments here and on my post about raising meat chickens I think who had better luck with hatching eggs from their Cornish X hens.

It seems that they grow faster than the heritage birds, but not as fast or as big as the Cornish X chicks. I still think it would be a good way to supply meat for the table, but after more than one generation, the fast growth and large size will probably decline. We started our own little flock as a project for our daughter. We have 2 cornish x that are about 18lbs at 5 months.

That requires a deep understanding and a wide study in the field of pet nutrition to truly determine it; so much that it warrants a university degree.

To get the most balanced, holistic and healthiest dog foods , it is often better to leave it to the experts. Scheduling your dog's meal time will tune their stomach to become hungry only at their meal times. Combining this with the right amount of dog food given to them, it will keep your dogs from becoming hungry out of meal hours.

In turn, this will maintain their metabolism rate and utilize all the food they consume fully and appropriately. As a bonus, regular meal time will also discourage them from scavenging around the house like little vacuum cleaners as they grow accustomed to the amount of food they are given and to be used for the intervals between meal times.

Hence, we have personally collated a list of dog food brands that we sincerely consider as healthy and would not hesitate to recommend dog owners to give them a go. These are pet food startups fueled by the passion from their pet enthusiasts founders who only want the best for all dogs under the sky.

Each of them have came up with their own unique formula that will surely satisfy your dogs' taste buds without compromising their health. Click here or the button below to learn more about these bespoke food brands. Underweight dogs appear thin and frail. And before you know it, they will start to lose all the hair on their coat and look like anything but a dog.

These cases created a market of specialized dog food that help your dog to gain weight healthily. Here are 7 of the best dog foods for weight gain that can help your underweight dog get back its glory. It's easy, it's free and it's here:. The Weight of English Springer Spaniel adult male varies from 20 to 25 kg. Unit of measure: Kg Lbs. A few tips on the weight of the puppy English Springer Spaniel, during its growth: Growth of English Springer Spaniel female: According to its size, the weight of the English Springer Spaniel female at 3 months should be between 7.

How much must a English Springer Spaniel Female at 1 year? Enter The English Springer Spaniel female will end up growing at 16 months. Growth graph of English Springer Spaniel female:. News feed. How do I get my springer spaniel puppy to stop biting? The Scruff Method. Vicens Cornelio Supporter. How much do English springer spaniels weigh? Female: 18—23 kg. Olinda Riolobos Beginner. Are English springer spaniels easy to train? English Springer Spaniels are friendly, gregarious, and eager to please.

They are quick learners and are known to be easy to train. They are great family dogs and do well both with children and other dogs—though they may not do as well with cats.

Nadezda Koehne Beginner. How much should I feed my English springer spaniel puppy? Generally, owners should feed an English Springer Spaniel puppy two or three times daily until they are six months old. Adult English Springer Spaniels should be fed once or twice per day.

As a dog gets older and its energy levels decrease, owners usually need to feed a little less to help maintain a healthy weight. Nawar Mangueta Beginner. How do I choose a springer spaniel puppy? Almost all Springer puppies are appealing; you must look beyond your first impressions. They should be sturdy in build, with straight, strong legs.

They may be very active when first picked up, but should be willing to relax and accept being held and cuddled for a short time. Ask A Question. Co-authors: Updated On: 29th March, Views: 4, See all weighings of English Springer Spaniel - Male saved by users. Control the weight of your English Springer Spaniel during its growth allows you to know if you are feeding it correctly.

It is important to control the weight of your puppy during its growth: you prevent some health or joint problems. A puppy with no problem of weight will also have less tendency to have an adult one, because as in the human, good habits are taken very young. Monitor your puppy's weight, Compare it with the average curve and that of other registered dogs, possibly print its weight curve to seek advice from your veterinarian or share it on the forums. You can register up to 9 puppies per account.

It's easy, it's free and it's here:. The Weight of English Springer Spaniel adult male varies from Unit of measure: Kg Lbs.

This is a common question as well as an important one. Good news, chances are, your cat knows their name. But they might not know what their name means. Your cat may know that you use their name to talk to them or get their attention. There are also some theories that cats might associate their name with scratching and petting, getting food, or other pleasant interactions that often call for their names.

If two of your cats are closer than the others, you might get both of their attention without getting the attention of your third cat. Some cats take to commands right away, mainly breeds like Bengal cats. While there is some disagreement on this subject, most experts think that cats understand some commands. That comes from the very different evolutionary origins of cats and more servile animals like dogs. We domesticated dogs, but in a very real sense, cats domesticated themselves. In fact, cats are very similar to dogs in that they will absolutely learn words when they determine learning such words is beneficial to their lives.

According to science, cats are capable of learning roughly 50 different words and commands, which includes their names and any words related to tricks. They will meow at you and you will attempt to imitate this sound and meow back, and eventually they will just learn to associate this talking with you. Were it not for human involvement, cats would have no reason to ever make a sound. Oddly, the whole business of cats meowing is primarily meant for communication with humans as we respond to it more frequently than simple body language.

Cats know we respond to them best when they meow, so they imitate the sound of a baby crying as best as they can to get our attention. So, can cats learn to understand English? Italy - Italia. Latvia - Latvija. Malaysia Bahasa. Netherlands - Nederland. New Zealand. Norway - Norge. Philippines English. Poland - Polska. Puerto Rico English. Republic of Singapore English. South Africa. Sweden - Sverige. Switzerland Suisse. Switzerland Schweiz. United Kingdom.

United Arab Emirates English. United States. For Dogs. But the cats may not see it that way. The simple message I would like to get across is if you do want to have more than one cat, go about it in a careful way—and be prepared to give up on it if it doesn't work. All rights reserved. Bradshaw recently shared some of his insights with National Geographic.

How did you get into cat behavior? What do you do in your research? Why did you conclude that cats don't "get us" the way dogs do? Is that accurate? Why do some cats treat one human member of the household differently? Why do cats knead us? Can you train cats? What do you want owners to know about their cats? This interview has been edited and condensed. Share Tweet Email. Read This Next Wild parakeets have taken a liking to London.

Animals Wild Cities Wild parakeets have taken a liking to London Love them or hate them, there's no denying their growing numbers have added an explosion of color to the city's streets. India bets its energy future on solar—in ways both small and big. Environment Planet Possible India bets its energy future on solar—in ways both small and big Grassroots efforts are bringing solar panels to rural villages without electricity, while massive solar arrays are being built across the country.

Epic floods leave South Sudanese to face disease and starvation. Travel 5 pandemic tech innovations that will change travel forever These digital innovations will make your next trip safer and more efficient. But will they invade your privacy? Go Further. Animals Wild Cities This wild African cat has adapted to life in a big city.

However, we have no taboos. We believe that the more the community is informed, the more protected it will be. If you spend two minutes on this page, you will understand why we are doing this. We are try Find out what it is and the offers you can find, including engagement rewards, coin discount packs, companion and web app rewards, BOGOF packs and daily puzzle SBCs.

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Necessary Necessary. So any silver or bronze players you pack from these competitions have immediate resale value. As the season progresses, you need to decide which to complete for the overall rewards.

Once you have nine-or-more players for any of those teams, buy the last couple of players needed — Futbin is an excellent resource to help you fill in gaps — at the lowest BIN price and get it completed. That earns you a new pack and takes you a step closer to the overall reward for that league. One week later his value had already ascended to 15,, and in mid-December it sits at 18, — almost doubling my investment, should I choose to sell.

As a general rule I stash TOTW purchases in my club for a fortnight, then list for at least 14, BIN — sometimes much more, depending on comparative prices for the same card. This is the key to maximising the value of all players stashed in your club. It required three Belgium players, and as a result prices for all Belgians went up, as did those for any players across the A1 Pro League BEL 1 — as acquiring players from that league was the easiest way to complete the SBC.

Bronze cards needed for these challenges often go for more than 1, coins — a huge increase on the coins you originally spent to find them in a bronze pack. If you're planning to do those League SBCs, send them to your club.

If not, send them straight to the transfer list. Players from all other leagues should be stashed in your club until an SBC comes up that requires them — see point 5, and remember to check every Thursday. Important: Never quick sell any player card. Send standard Manager Contracts cards to your club. Now go to your transfer list and cycle through all the cards you just moved there. Then once the Lightning Round begins, start searching for them and see how much their price is dropping.

For the next few minutes, it will be driven down, allowing you to snipe them at lower prices. Sniping involves searching for a player at slightly lower than their market price and quickly snapping them up.

It requires practice and dexterity, but it's worth mastering. The alternative is to wait until an hour after the Lightning Round. Given that Lightning Rounds take place on the hour, what you often see is that FUT players have listed up all the cards they didn't want without specifying a sensible lowest-bid price, and these player auctions then start to expire in the midst of the next Lightning Round when people's attention is elsewhere.

As a result, there are often a huge number of these cards expiring with low minimum bid prices, allowing you to dive in and bid on a few of them and get them at outrageously low cost. Then all you do is wait a few hours or until the next day and sell them on when the market recovers from the Lightning Round dips. Complete every Squad-Building Challenge! Do as many SBCs as you can for some decent rewards.

This one isn't exactly a galaxy-brain play, but it's worth remembering anyway. Team of the Year is accompanied by floods of SBCs, including regular puzzle challenges.

These often hand out packs. Whenever those pack rewards are tradeable, make sure you do the SBC. The requirements are usually pointless fodder you have in your club anyway, and by bagging a pack you can roll the dice once more. You probably won't get a Team of the Year player, but anything half-decent will be worth selling. Whatever you do during Team of the Year, we wish you the best pack luck imaginable and a fair wind at your back in the choppy market seas! Want more of this? Level up with the latest games and esports news, reviews and films.

A recent computer-modeling experiment tested this hypothesis by tracking the influence of planetary gravitation over a projected 5,year period on the positions of a group of hypothetical dust particles. In the model, the particles were randomly distributed throughout a computer simulation of the orbit of an actual meteor stream, the Geminid.

The researcher found, as expected, that the computer-model stream broadened with time. Conventional theories, however, predicted that the distribution of particles would be increasingly dense toward the center of a meteor stream.

Surprisingly, the computer-model meteor stream gradually came to resemble a thick-walled, hollow pipe. Whenever the Earth passes through a meteor stream, a meteor shower occurs. Moving at a little over 1,, miles per day around its orbit, the Earth would take, on average, just over a day to cross the hollow, computer-model Geminid stream if the stream were 5, years old. Has the predicted twin-peaked activity been observed for the actual yearly Geminid meteor shower?

The Geminid data between and shows just such a bifurcation, a secondary burst of meteor activity being clearly visible at an average of 19 hours 1,, miles after the first burst.

The time intervals between the bursts suggest the actual Geminid stream is about 3, years old. A In each of the years between and , the Earth took exactly 19 hours to cross the Geminid meteor stream. D The Geminid meteor stream has not broadened as rapidly as the conventional theories would have predicted. E The computer-model Geminid meteor stream provides an accurate representation of the development of the actual Geminid stream. Eliminate it. C takes a number that was brought up a few times—5, years—and misapplies it.

D tests your understanding of how multiple theories compare and contrast in this passage. The conventional theory is that meteor streams will broaden and become denser at the center.

The new experimental finding is that meteor streams will broaden and become a hollow, thick-walled pipe. Both of them agree on the broadening, just not on the specific shape. Thus, D intentionally misinterprets the experimental finding. E gives us some food for thought. The computer model had predicted that if the stream were 5, years old, it would take earth 24 hours to pass through. It actually took earth 19 hours to pass through, which—according to the computer model—makes the stream about 3, years old.

So E is correct. It was in the first paragraph. Because they break off from the comet at different speeds, they gain ahead or fall behind it differently, ultimately landing in a variety of orbital positions and forming a kind of cloud.

Choice A nails it, but we should still make sure we can eliminate the other options. E brings in information never stated in the passage. All we know for certain is that the ejection velocities of the particles differ from each other , not the comet itself. So this answer option is at best speculative and at worst contrary. A Meteor activity would gradually increase to a single, intense peak, and then gradually decline. D Random bursts of very high meteor activity would be interspersed with periods of very little activity.

E In years in which the Earth passed through only the outer areas of a meteor stream, meteor activity would be absent. This is clearly an inference question. The author is asking us to hypothesize about what would happen if the conventional theories were true as opposed to the experimentally proven one. So, given that the passage gives us the answer for the new theory, can we extrapolate from that what would happen for the conventional theory? First, we have to identify what the conventional theory really is.

If bursts happen when earth enters and exits the walls of the pipe, what would happen if earth passed through a centrally dense formation?

A makes perfect sense. The showers would gradually increase to a peak at the center, and then decrease again. TL; DR? You will probably find it harder to interpret the meaning or function of sentences and be more likely to choose trap choices. So, to better ensure your understanding of an RC passage and your ability to work through RC questions efficiently, read the passage carefully, in its entirety, before you read the first question.

DO: Read the passage carefully, in its entirety before you read the first question. GMAT students sometimes make the mistake of trying to remember or understand every detail in an RC passage, an unproductive strategy.

The fact is, you cannot predict which details the questions associated with the passage will focus on and which details will prove irrelevant. So, when you first read an RC passage, read to basically understand what the author is saying.

Notice what type of thing the author is saying. Is she presenting a contrast? Disputing a common belief? Showing how a historical development occurred? However, you should come away from your initial reading of the passage with an understanding of how the author went about saying what she said, the function of each paragraph, how she chose to present the material.

Were any cause-and-effect claims made in the passage? Problems and their solutions introduced? Contrasting viewpoints expressed? Processes explained? Do you need to understand every bit of jargon the author uses to explain a particular process, theory, etc.

Your job is to understand what role the information plays in the passage — why is it there? What function does it perform? Remember, RC is not a subject test. DO: Read RC passages for basic understanding, to notice what type of thing the author is saying, and to understand the function of each paragraph.

Since you can just about count on 1 main idea question for each RC passage you see on the GMAT, always identifying the main point or primary purpose of a passage when you first read the passage is a wise strategy.

How would you summarize what the passage says? Many GMAT students fall into the trap of assuming that the main idea of an RC passage will be stated in either the first or last paragraph of the passage. While that is certainly possible, there is no rule that the main idea has to be in the first or the last paragraph. If you assume that the main idea is contained within the first or last paragraph, or the first three sentences, or the first sentence of the last paragraph, etc.

This is another reason why reading the passage thoroughly before you start reading the questions is a good idea. So, when you do your initial read-through of an RC passage, quickly identify what you think is the main point or primary purpose of the passage. DO: As you initially read an RC passage, quickly identify what you think is the main point or primary purpose of the passage.

Certain words can help you understand the logic of a passage, the function of different elements of the passage, the relationships between ideas and facts, and the intention or viewpoint of the author. Showing a Cause-and-Effect Relationship : consequently; as a result; thus; therefore; hence; because; accordingly. Indicating a Contrast or Disagreement : however; although; yet; conversely; regardless; in spite of; on the other hand; then again; nevertheless; instead. Indicating Agreement : similarly; furthermore; moreover; in addition; not only, but also.

Introducing Examples or Evidence : for instance; in particular; in fact. Introducing a Conclusion : all things considered; in summary; in essence; in any event; all in all. Look out for structural keywords and phrases such as these because they provide important clues, helping you navigate and understand the progression of a passage and telling you what. Furthermore, make sure to always consider keywords in the broader context of the passage because some keywords can be used in multiple ways.

DO: Be on the lookout for keywords and phrases that indicate cause-and-effect relationships, contrast, or agreement or that introduce examples or conclusions. But there is another very important skill that you must hone in order to perform well in Reading Comprehension, and that is the skill of noticing WHERE key information is located in the passage. Again, this is not a memorization game or even an exact science. However, the fact is, RC passages are composed of dozens of sentences, but to answer a question you may need only two of those sentences.

Thus, you need to be skilled in finding the right information. Perhaps the passage is about the history of natural disasters on a certain island. Where did the author mention volcanoes?

In the second paragraph, or the fourth? Where did she mention earthquakes? Before or after volcanoes? Now, do you need to memorize or note down exactly what she said about volcanoes or earthquakes? The point is to have a sense of where in the passage the information is, so that if a question asks you about a particular aspect of that information, you can quickly locate the information you need within the passage.

DO: Get a sense of where key pieces of information are placed in the passage, so that you can quickly locate them if you need to answer questions related to them. In fact, privatization has not only rescued individual industries and a whole economy headed for disaster, but also raised the level of performance in every area.

At British Airways and British Gas, for example, productivity per employee has risen by 20 percent. At British Telecom, there is no longer a waiting list—as there always was before privatization—to have a telephone installed. Part of this improved productivity has come about because the employees of privatized industries were given the opportunity to buy shares in their own companies. They responded enthusiastically to the offer of shares: at British Aerospace, 89 percent of the eligible workforce bought shares; at Associated British Ports, 90 percent; and at British Telecom, 92 percent.

When people have a personal stake in something, they think about it, care about it, work to make it prosper. Some economists have suggested that giving away free shares would provide a needed acceleration of the privatization process. Send me the lesson! Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the privatization process in the United Kingdom? GMAT Reading Comprehension Practice, Sample Passage While there is no blueprint for transforming a largely government-controlled economy into a free one, the experience of the United Kingdom since clearly shows one approach that works: privatization, in which state-owned industries are sold to private companies.

Correct answer is E. It is important to remember that the GMAT is a standardized test, and correct answers in reading comprehension must be concretely supported in some way by the passage.

A majority of students pick incorrect answer choice D because it is a reasonable statement given our knowledge of the world strikes occur more in state-owned industries than in private ones. However, it is not supported in any way by the passage: there is zero evidence given that the author believes this about labor disruptions.

Playable on PC. Xbox One. Xbox Series X S. Capabilities Xbox local co-op Xbox local multiplayer With ludicrous vehicle combat, super-powered first-person mayhem, and an open world full of emergent madness, you will tear across an unforgiving wasteland battling sadistic gangs to find the tools and tech needed to crush the oppressive rule of The Authority once and for all. Games information at xbox. Rating Pending. Trailers and gameplay. Discover your next favorite game Play over high-quality games with friends, plus enjoy Xbox Live Gold and an EA Play membership, all for one low monthly price.

Game features. Home Discussions Workshop Market Broadcasts. Change language. Install Steam. Your Store Your Store. Categories Categories. Special Sections. Player Support. Community Hub. Bethesda Softworks. Recent Reviews:. All Reviews:. Popular user-defined tags for this product:.

Is this game relevant to you? Sign In or Open in Steam. Languages :. English and 8 more. View Steam Achievements On October 8, , patch for the Windows version was released which added various graphical options to the game and fixed a number of driver-related graphical issues. The Macintosh version was called the Campaign Edition , as the multiplayer content was cut from the game. On February 2, , second patch for the Windows version was released which added new features and addressed various compatibility and performance issues.

Currently, it looks like that it was only made available for North America, a part of Europe and Australia; the game owners who live in the other parts of the world have no access to the DLC. Confirmed RU. Regarding the status of the Linux port after the July 14, announcement, John Carmack said, "It isn't a launch platform for us, but an executable may still show up".

Later he said that a Linux port is unlikely in response to an email where he says "It isn't out of the question, but I don't think we will be able to justify the work" and "It probably wouldn't be all that bad to get it running on the nVidia binary drivers, but the chance of it working correctly and acceptably anywhere else would be small".

Three weeks later Timothee Besset, the person in charge of porting id's products to Linux, discussed the future of the Linux port in a more positive light, stating on September 13, that "Fundamentally nothing has changed with our policy regarding Linux games… I'll be damned if we don't find the time to get Linux builds done. Rage received generally favorable reviews from critics. IGN gave it an 8. In terms of sales, Rage has sold over three million units worldwide, across all platforms.

On XBOX , it sold over 1. On PS3 , it eventually reached 1. Finally, PC only sold 0. The Scorchers. Authority Resistance.

Browse thousands of PhD programs from around the world. Browse Fields of Study. Study Locations We have more than a thousand universities from around the world in our database. Browse Study Locations.

Top PhD Programs PhD is the abbreviation for Doctor of Philosophy , and is usually awarded after completing extensive research in a specified field of study. Most Popular Fields. View All. Natural Sciences. See All in Natural Sciences.

Engineering Studies. Mechanical Engineering. Materials Science. See All in Engineering Studies. Humanities Studies. See All in Humanities Studies. Technology Studies. Computer Science. Information Systems. Computer Engineering. See All in Technology Studies. Social Sciences. Political Science. Social Work. Area studies. See All in Social Sciences. Business Studies.

Business Administration. Here we have highlighted some of the best of what certain countries have to offer for PhD programs -- take a look, then get your passport ready! A country of long history, political upheaval, and striking landscapes, Israel also offers highly competitive PhD programs and is often overlooked by potential candidates.

Additionally, Israel has an excellent reputation in the field of neuroscience. Known for excellence in research and their reputation for graduating excellent students, those interested in neuroscience should make sure they look at what Israel has to offer. Fellowship opportunities in Israel are even available! If you have already finished a PhD and are looking for post-doctoral opportunities, Israel also offers great opportunities like the Alon Fellowship, among many others.

Did you have a poster of the wave cresting in the foreground with Mount Fuji serene in the distance in your college dorm room? Japan also boasts of highly respected advanced higher education and PhD programs.

If you are concerned about paying for your time and studies in Japan, then rest easy -- there are many scholarships and fellowships available for qualified and distinguished candidates. A vast country with cosmopolitan cities, pristine beaches, and large untracked wilderness and of course kangaroos , Australia also has many PhD opportunities to offer. Alongside kangaroos, Australia also offers many scholarship opportunities for graduate study and it encourages its graduates from higher education programs to work in the private sector.

According to The Financial Review, the country is focusing on not just careers in academia but careers in business post-PhD , which are generally more lucrative and stable jobs. One of the major benefits of studying abroad in Australia is that the country has recently rolled out a program to grant quicker access to permanent residency for international students. Love maple trees, the color red, or ice hockey? Then studying in Canada, home to all of these stereotypes, could be for you. Find out for yourself in a PhD program and eat all the poutine a classic Canadian dish of french fries and cheese curds topped with gravy you could ever hope for!

In all seriousness, Canada offers excellent PhD programs, and for someone interested in science or engineering , you need look no further. Explore the latest strategic trends, research and analysis. Percentage of the population holding doctorates. Growing pool of doctoral candidates. Have you read? How can we STEM the tide of women graduates leaving science?

These are the most educated countries in the world. License and Republishing. Written by. More on Switzerland View all. What Swiss highways can tell us about inequality The development of the Swiss highway network from to influenced the residential and job compositions of municipalities.

Its retail director, Vim Maru, said there had been considerably fewer transactions at these branches in the last five years. The branches will close between September and November, with 29 Lloyds Bank and 15 Halifax branches to go.

Following the closures, the group will have Lloyds Bank branches, Halifax branches, and Bank of Scotland branches. Hundreds of branches across the UK's banking network have been closing. The trend may be accelerated by Covid, as some people were forced to bank digitally for the first time during lockdown. This has added to the debate about the future of bank branches and cash. A series of trials are taking place, designed to find ways of ensuring consumers and businesses have access to cash, and speedy deposit options, when branches are closing.

They have included shared bank hubs , run by the Post Office, which also have staff from each of the major High Street banks visiting once a week.

London SW12 9AT. London SW16 4AG. London W2 2HR. London SW5 9RE. London NW1 6XB. London E1 2JR. London SE5 7AB. London E1 1DU. London W4 1NS. London N7 8JU. London W1J 0AA.

This branch is currently closed and is expected to reopen on 9 December, London W1C 2BU. London SW11 1PR. London W11 3JD. London SW7 3JX. This takes its total number of bank branch closures to The group announced 56 closures in January last year , after already closing branches between January and August Here, Which? The locations detailed in the table below. You can use the search bar to check if your local branch is closing.

Lloyds Banking Group says the closures are down to the growing number of Lloyds and Halifax digital banking customers.

Have you considered private training to get ready for the next level of Krav Maga. Working to achieve the next level is highly dependent on several things; how long you have trained and how often you train each week. Krav Maga has different levels that students can participate in a test to advance from one level to the next. Instead, students receive a signed certificate from Krav Maga Worldwide.

Each level has its own difficulties, so as a student goes from one level to the next, they can expect the level of difficulty and cumulative knowledge to increase.

Each belt signifies a different level of training and takes its own amount of time to achieve. The time it takes to master each level is always an estimate as each student will advance at their own pace. Individual physical and mental readiness plays a large role in how long it takes for a student to advance.

Level 1: Testing for Yellow Belt Level 3 — 4 months. Level 2: Testing for Orange Belt Level 4 — 6 months. Level 3: Testing for Green Belt Level 6 — 9 months. Justo Batty Explainer. Does Krav Maga work in a street fight?

Krav Maga is effective in that it is a potentfighting style, highly effective and specifically designed toneutralize opponents in real life street fight , first byavoidance and then by physical protection. Laida Multykh Explainer. What does Krav Maga translate to? The name in Hebrew can be translated as "contactcombat". The root word krav??? Saori Kapu Explainer. Does Krav Maga use weapons? Many martial arts and self defense programs make use of a variety of weapons.

Weapons trainingis a vital component of Krav Maga. This is because KravMaga is a practical form of self-defense, and one can neverknow what kind of weapon an attacker might present during anencounter. Jawad Musatov Pundit. Can you self teach Krav Maga? As Krav Maga continues to gain popularity, peopleare increasingly curious—is it possible to teach yourself the basics of this self -defense system throughpractice at home?

The short answer: yes, you can teach yourself Krav Maga …but there are some very importantcaveats. Zhilin Chatel Pundit. How often should you train Krav Maga? For students who already have a steady relationship with Krav Maga , we recommend training at least twoor three times a week. With this self defense system, it'simportant to keep the body in top physical shape. Skipping training sessions can erase months of hardwork. Maragret Ballve Pundit. What martial arts are most effective in a street fight?

This is a main combat sport that began at thesame time as kickboxing. This is a well-known fighting system forself-defense in the military. Katerine Pincel Pundit. Is JKD effective in a street fight? He absorbed what was useful, discarded what was useless,and added what was uniquely his own.

The first is atechnique that took a long time to catch on. But once it did, itproved highly effective. Crisanto Carmen Pundit. Is Krav Maga practical? Krav Maga is not a martial art, it's aself-defense system.

Krav Maga teaches fighting abilitieswithin a practical context rather than a sporting ortraditional one, thus it's a martial art. It literally means "warart. Danguole Bonini Teacher. What is the hardest martial art? The krav maga belt system used by Krav Maga Worldwide is a great way for students to understand and track their own development within the system.

In order to progress to the next level in the Krav Maga Worldwide self-defense system, students are required to take a test. In this way, students know what they need to accomplish to become eligible and can structure their training routine accordingly. When the requisite number of courses and hours of training is achieved for each level, students attain permission to test from an instructor.

This usually comes from the instructor who has worked with the student the most and has helped them develop within the krav maga belt system and krav maga level system. There are occasions when a student has reached the requisite number of classes and hours of training required to test but they will be informed by the instructor that additional time training and work in some aspects of the level are required before that student can test.

Level tests or, if you prefer, belt tests are physical and mental challenges that require intense effort and preparation. The student must meet the requisites AND demonstrate mastery of the material in classes in order to take their test, earn the right to train in the next level, and earn their belt for that level.

At Level 1 students are essentially a white belt working toward the test that will earn them a yellow belt. This is not considered one of the belts that students can earn within the krav maga belt system however they have earned it by starting training. A student in Krav Maga Level 1 is learning and training and pushing to be stronger and safer, which is, in itself, an accomplishment. Level 1 training focuses on three things; fundamentals, fundamentals, and fundamentals. Students learn how to get into, and move while in, an effective fighting stance.

Students train on straight punches, hammer fists, palm heel strikes, eye gouges, throat strikes, front kicks to the groin, front kicks with the ball of the foot, round kicks, basic positions and movement while on the ground, as well as defenses vs.

This is the essential tool-kit that a student needs to progress within the Krav Maga Worldwide system and to be fundamentally effective at defending themselves. Students are introduced to the principles of Krav Maga Worldwide self-defense system, which they will continue to see as they get to higher levels. Students must train for at least four months in Level 1, and attend at least 40 Level 1 classes, in order to be eligible to test into Level.

At Level 2 students have earned a Yellow Belt by achieving the requisites and passing their Level 1 test. The next belt that can be earned is an Orange Belt. Krav Maga Worldwide Level 2 training starts to become more technical than Level 1 by introducing additional punches like hooks and uppercuts as well as more intense self-defense techniques like defenses against bearhugs, chokes with pulls, and the basics of being on the ground with an attacker.

These ground techniques include escaping from the full mount position, and defending against being choked while mounted. Sparring is introduced in Level 2 via very controlled drills that build the skills needed to deal with a live, resisting, attacker. The focus is not on full-contact but on skill building. Students begin to develop familiarity with Krav Maga Worldwide self-defense principles and how to apply them as the their training becomes more technical and intense.

Mozart was born in Salzburg to a musical family. From an early age, the young Mozart showed all the signs of a prodigious musical talent. By the age of 5 he could read and write music, and he would entertain people with his talents on the keyboard.

By the age of 6 he was writing his first compositions. Mozart was generally considered to be a rare musical genius, though Mozart said that he was diligent in studying other great composers such as Haydn and Bach. Approximately three hours and 10 minutes including one minute intermission.

His father, Leopold Mozart, a noted composer, instructor, and the author of famous writings on violin playing, was then in the service of the archbishop of Salzburg.

Leopold and Anna Maria, his wife, stressed the importance of music to their children. Together with his sister, Nannerl, Wolfgang received such intensive musical training that by the age of six he was a budding composer and an accomplished keyboard performer. In Leopold presented his son as performer at the imperial court in Vienna, Austria, and from to he escorted both children on a continuous musical tour across Europe, which included long stays in Paris, France, and London, England, as well as visits to many other cities, with appearances before the French and English royal families.

Mozart was the most celebrated child prodigy an unusually gifted child of this time as a keyboard performer. He also made a great impression as a composer and improviser one who arranges or creates. In London he won the admiration of musician Johann Christian Bach — , and he was exposed from an early age to an unusual variety of musical styles and tastes across Europe.

From the age of ten to seventeen, Mozart's reputation as a composer grew to a degree of maturity equal to that of most older established musicians.

He spent the years from to at Salzburg writing instrumental works and music for school dramas in German and Latin, and in he produced his first real operas: the German Singspiel that is, with spoken dialogue Bastien und Bastienne. Despite his growing reputation, Mozart found no suitable post open to him; and his father once more escorted Mozart, at age fourteen , and set off for Italy to try to make his way as an opera composer.

He composed in short bursts throughout the day. He made friends with all kinds of people. Some of his closest friends were counts, scientists, and doctors. He had lots of pets. Mozart had unusual taste in house animals. At different points in his life, he kept a canary, a starling, a dog, and a horse. He had a strange sense of humor. His compositions reached new heights. Operatic sopranos can sing very high, but few are up to the lofty challenge of this aria.

The aria calls for a bass soloist to sing a low D. But in his formative years, Mozart traveled all over Europe with his family to meet several composers. The most famous and probably most influential of them was Johann Christian Bach. As a teenager, Beethoven traveled to Vienna and stayed there for weeks trying to secure lessons from Mozart.

Unfortunately, records show the two composers never met. The study was blown wildly out of proportion and began a phenomenon. Mozart for Babies became a major CD and book franchise as parents began to believe in The Mozart Effect, wherein their babies would become more intelligent later in life if they listened to Mozart as infants. Mozart was terrible at keeping track of his compositions and even refused to write opus numbers or dates on his sheet music.

Scholars have evidence that Mozart spent huge amounts of time making tiny refinements to the instrumentation and dynamics of his manuscripts, revealing that he was quite picky when trying to find the right sound.

He was extremely prolific. Thanks to his abovementioned catalogue, we now know that Mozart composed more than works in the three and a half decades of his life. His whole body of work includes 21 stage and opera works, 15 Masses, more than 50 symphonies, 25 piano concertos, 12 violin concertos, 27 concert arias, 17 piano sonatas, and 26 string quartets.

He was inspired by love. Mozart himself conducted the orchestra, while the librettist, Emanuel Schikaneder, sang the role of Papageno. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was the only surviving son of the well-known violin teacher and occasional composer Leopold Mozart, who wrote the pieces including a Trumpet Concerto and the Toy Symphony.

Mozart composed his Requiem with the belief it was for himself. The work was commissioned by an anonymous nobleman, who had intended to pass off the work as his own. Later that day, he wrote it down entirely from memory, returning to the Chapel that Friday to make minor corrections.

On 27th January , all the church bells in Salzburg were rung simultaneously at the exact hour of his birth, in honour of Mozart's th birthday. Mozart wrote his first symphony in London in —5 and his last in Vienna in August The last symphony, Symphony No. Mozart composed his first 30 symphonies by the age of 18, and returned to composing symphonies a few years later in Paris, the city which also happens to be the nickname of his Symphony No.

Constanze had three sisters, Josepha, Aloysia and Sophie, who were all were trained as singers and later performed in premieres of a number of Mozart's works. Mozart's A Musical Joke also known as Divertimento for two horns and string quartet, is thought to have been written to be intentionally as a funny piece, clumsy, mechanical and over-repetitive.

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Practised in constitutional, civil, criminal, taxation and revenue matters. Twice Acting Governor of Rajasthan - from Appointed Judge of the Supreme Court from 3. Date of birth : 10th October, Born at Pakpattan, Distt. Montgomery now in Pakistan. Permanent Address : , Sector-8A, Chandigarh. After the partition of the country, on migration to India, settled at Ferozepore, joining D. Jain College for further studies. Graduated from D. College, Jullundur. Experience : Joined the legal profession in his father's Chambers at Ferozepore in the year After practising for three years at Ferozepore where he had a stint of all types of work, he shifted to set up practice in the High Court of Punjab at Chandigarh in the year Remained a Rotarian also in this while.

Was appointed an Additional Judge for two years on Became a Judge of the Supreme Court of India on 6. Retired on 9. Name : DR. The 3rd revised edition was published in Awarded the Degree of LL. Unanimously elected as Hony. Appointed as Chief Justice of India on 10th October, Bharucha, Sam Piroj, B. Practised mainly on the Original side of the Bombay High Court.

Also appeared in the Supreme Court. Appointed Judge of Supreme Court of lndia on Due to retire on Kirpal, Bhupinder Nath, B. Enrolled pleader in and Advocate in Permanent Judge, Delhi High Court from Appointed as Judge of the Supreme Court of India on Retired on FN. Patnaik, Gopal Ballav, B. Born on 19th December, , Enrolled Advocate on 28th February, Appeared in some cases in Supreme Court. Justice G. Khare, Visheshwar Nath, B. Appointed as a Judge of Supreme Court of India on Appointed as The Chief Justice of India on Rajendra Babu, LL.

Enrolled as Advocate on Practised in Taxation, Constitutional law and Civil matters. Appointed permanent Judge of the Karnataka High Court on Appointed as The Chief Justice of India in the forenoon of Lahoti, Ramesh Chandra, B.

Joined the Bar in District Guna in and enrolled as an Advocate in Transferred to Delhi High Court on 7. Appointed as a Judge of Supreme Court of India on 9.

Born on 14th January, Enrolled as an advocate at Delhi in Was also Central Government Counsel from to Held various positions as Secretary, and later President of the Delhi High Court Bar Association for several years; was also Member of the Bar Council of India representing Delhi for about four years from to Secretary of International Law Association.

Delivered various important judgments pertaining to matters in respect of education, environments, unauthorized constructions and encroachments. Retired on l4. Balakrishanan, Konakuppakatil Gopinathan, B. M Born on Enrolled as an Advocate of the Kerala Bar Council on Practised on both on Civil and Criminal sides at Erinakulam. Appointed as a Munsif in the Kerala Judicial Service on and later resigned from service and resumed practice as an Advocatein the Kerala High Court.

On - appointed as a judge of the Kerala High Court. On transferred to Gujarat High Court. On elevated as the Judge, Supreme Court. Born on 29th September Enrolled as an Advocate on 10th September This is apart from the practice in Industrial Law and Services Matters.

Appeared as a counsel for the Department in Income-Tax matters. Appeared as a counsel for BMC in matters concerning rate able value and Octroi. In addition to the above, dealt with matters under the Income Tax Act concerning Valuation of closing stocks, Accounting treatment to be given to Modvat Credit Convergence of Tax Accounting with Commercial Accounting, etc.

Altamas Kabir, M. Retired on July 19, F. Sathasivam, B. Enrolled as an Advocate on July 25, at Madras. Appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court of India on Transferred to Bombay High Court where he assumed office on February 16, Also presided over Full Benches involving important questions of law. He has delivered large number of judgments on diverse issues of law which have been reported in various journals.

Act, in the State of Maharashtra. He was re-transferred to Rajasthan High Court where he assumed office on 2nd February, Has been administrative Judge of Rajasthan High court. Was appointed as Judge of the High Court of Karnataka on Transferred to the High Court of Kerala and assumed charge of the Office on Justice H. Born on 04th January, Was designated as a Senior Advocate in the year He was appointed as a permanent Judge in September, Elevated as Judge of Supreme Court and assumed charge on Justice T.

Retired on August 27, Retired on October 2, Sworn in as Chief Justice of India on 18th November, Due to retire on 23rd April, Jan, B. Sept,, 19, , s. Kubra Begum, two s.

Appointed Permanent Chief Justice Jan. N: Mutiny Enquiry Commission, April Chandrasekhara Aiyar, B. January 25, , m. Sitalakshmi Ammal; Educ. And Sessions Judge, Dec. Ahmadabad, 9th June ; s. John R. Mott, q. The Nagpur Regt. John of Jerusalam for humanitarian services; m. Aisha, d. Ghani; Retired Distt. And Sessions Judge, Uttar Pradesh one s.

Bhagwati, Judge, Supreme Court 8 Sept. Bachu Jagannadhadas, B. Madras , M. Lakshmanasuri, Sanskrit Scholar; Educ. Syed Jafer Imam, B. April 18, ; Educ. Sudhansu Kumar Das, B. September 3, ; Educ. College, Calcutta and the University of London. Govinda Menon, B. September , s.

Kunhan Unni m. Kalyanikutthi Amma d. Jeevan Lal Kapur, B. Punjab , M. December 13, ; Educ. Punjab University, , B. Enrolled in and had legal training under Shri T. Publications: Commentary on the Government of India Act, Janardan Rangnath Mudholkar, B. May 9, Club: C.

Ranadhir Singh Bachawat, M. Degree from Calcutta University, ; LL. Judge High Court Calcutta, Ramaswami Vaidynathier, Msc. Joined the I. S on 9th October, Appointed Judge of the Supreme Court from 4th January, Retired on 30th October, Satyanarayana Raju, B. August 17, ; Education: Tanuku, Vizianagaram, Madras. Shelat, M. Kaira B. Obtained B. Vashishtha Bhargava, b. February 5, ; Education: University of Allahabad M.

Gopendra Krishna Mitter, b. Practised for some time at Muzaffarpur in Bihar, subsequently in the High Court of Calcutta from Judge, Calcutta High Court, November, Judge, Supreme Court, August 29, Vaidialingam, B. June 30, , at Mylapore, Madras. Eldest son of Sir C. Anantakrishna Iyer, Kt. Judge, Madras High Court and Retd. Chief Justice, Cochin High Court. Minakshi, s. One d. Degree, Enrolled as Advocate, Madras High Court, Member, Madras Bar Council, ; re-elected, ; again, Has made endowments for lectures in Madras Bar Council.

Kawdoor Sadananda Hegde, M. June 11, ; Education: St. Justice Amar Nath, M. Cambridge, M. Resigns on Pingle Jaganmohan Reddy, B. Leeds , B. Law Tripos , LL. Cantab of the Gray's Inn, Barrister-at-Law. Born January, 23, Edu; Hyderabad, Leeds and Cambridge. Quest of Justice Madras Law Journal. Dua, Judge, Supreme Court 1 August, Education: Forman Christian College,Lahore. Hons ; LL.

July to July, Justice I. Subimal Chandra Roy, B. Born, May 29, One of the first three original side practitioners to be designated Senior Advocates under s.

For many years a trustee of the Deshbandhu Memorial Trust and many other Trusts. Judge, Supreme Court of India from 19th July, Expired on Palekar, Devidas Ganpat, B. District Judge from August, to September, Permanent Judge from 27th August Judge, Supreme Court of India from 19th July Kuttyil Kurien Mathew, B. January 3, Practised at the Bar at Trivandrum from to Became Advocate General in Became Judge of the Kerala High Court in Dwivedi Surendra Narayan, B.

Educated at Government High School, Hamirpur. Appointed as a Judge of the Allahabad High Court w. Appointed Judge of the Supreme Court on Mukherjea, Arun Kumar-B. Joined the Indian Civil Service on 29 September and served in various capacities in Bengal and also in the Ministry of Transport, Government of India, for about 13 years. Gupta in preparing the Congress case for the partition of Bengal.

Enrolled as an Advocate of the Calcutta High Court in April and practised there mainly on the original side and in Constitutional matters. Roy on behalf of the State of West Bengal. Appointed as Addl. Judge of the Calcutta High Court for two years w. Permanent Judge from 12 December Acted as Chancellor, Jadavpur University for three years upto February Vice-Chairman, Indian Statistical Institute At present, Chairman, U.

Appointed as Judge, Supreme Court of India w. Alagiriswami b. Naidu; two daughters-Mrs. Hamsapriya Srinivasan and Mrs. Sridevi Jagannathan, and a son-Dr. Krishna Iyer, Born on November, , M. Law; Indian Assn.

Centre for Kathakali, Delhi; Mem. Friendship Socy, Intnl. Democratic Lawyers' Assn. Road, Ernakulam Kochi Kerala PH. Parbati Kumar Goswami, B. While at the Bar connected with several educational institutions and intimately with J. Ghosh Kindergarten School; Hobby, Tennis. Nominated Senator and Syndic of Punjabi University, Patiala since ; a member of the Committee set up by Punjab University to advice on the preparation of a comprehensive Punjabi Dictionary with work is in progress in the University.

Sarkaria B, Madhuban Delhi Gupta, Alak Chandra, M. Appointed as an Addl. Judge of the Calcutta High Court for one year from Reappointed as Addl. Judge for one year from Appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of India on 2. Due to retire on 1. College, Muzaffarpur, did his B. While at Bar mostly appeared in Civil, Constitutional and Taxation cases. Received primary education in St. Joseph convent, Patna Bihar. Attended the I.

Coaching Classes of the Aligarh University from to From Patna University in Ist Division. Was on the panel of State Lawyers. Shinghal, Prakash Narayan, M. Joined Judicial Service in the former Alwar State in Appointed to I. Appointed Permanent Judge from November 28, Appointed Judge of the Supreme Court on November 6, Kailasam, P. High School, Mylapore, Madras. Enrolled and worked in the offices of P.

Judge, Supreme Court, from 3rd January, Appellate jurisdiction accounts for most of the cases on the court's docket, and is "The power of a court to hear appeals from lower courts. This includes the power to reverse or modify the the [ sic ] lower court's decision. In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction.

In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make. The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.

Article II, Section 2 of the U. Constitution gives the President of the United States the authority to nominate Supreme Court justices, and they are appointed with the advice and consent of the Senate. Senate on October 26, The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.

Although the rules for appointing and confirming a U. Supreme Court justice are set out in the U. Constitution, the process for choosing nominees is not codified in law. Past presidents have received lists of recommendations from the White House counsel, the attorney general and lawyers in the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel.

Justices have often been friends or acquaintances who shared ideological views with the president. The nominating process is also influenced by individuals and organizations outside of the administration. Some presidents have required that a nominee hold a specific position on a key issue in order to be considered for nomination, sometimes referred to as a litmus test. Such a test is typically on an important social issue. But a nominee's views do not always conform to their future opinions.

Some justices have ruled in ways that surprised the presidents who nominated them. Notable examples are Justice Tom C. Clark nominated by President Harry S. The usual nomination process starts with the president choosing a nominee. It is not uncommon for the president to consult Senate leadership and the leaders of the Senate Judiciary Committee before deciding on a nominee.

The nominee also visits with senators in their offices in order to help win support for nomination. The most public aspect of the process is when the nominee testifies before the Judiciary Committee and takes questions. The hearing, which is kept open at the discretion of the chair, can last more than a day, as members, particularly opponents, verbally spar with the nominee. Having the nominee appear before the committee became a part of the process beginning with the nomination of John M.

Harlan in Typically, a week after the hearing is adjourned, the Senate Judiciary Committee holds a vote on the nominee. The debate in the Senate is scheduled by the Senate majority leader in consultation with the minority leader.

In , the Senate lowered the threshold to close debate on most nominations to a simple majority from 60 votes. But the change did not affect Supreme Court nominees, whose confirmation requires 60 votes to invoke cloture and end debate and proceed to a confirmation vote.

The president also may choose to make a recess appointment, which would avoid the need for Senate confirmation.

But the justice's term would end with the end of the next session of Congress, rather than the lifetime appointments provided by Senate confirmation. There have been 12 recess appointments made to the Supreme Court, most in the 19th century, according to the Congressional Research Service. The most recent was made by President Dwight D. Constitution requires the individual to take an oath of office before officially taking his or her place on the court.

Nominees must also take a judicial oath. Each Supreme Court justice is assigned to one of the 13 circuit courts of appeals , according to Title 28, United States Code, Section In the case motions for a stay of execution or other motions relating to death penalty matters, the Circuit Justice ordinarily refers the motion to the Court as a whole, but takes the lead in recommending a disposition of the motion," according to SCOTUSblog.

Although the justices do not represent political parties, media outlets such as The Washington Post commonly characterize Justices Breyer, Kagan, and Sotomayor as liberal and Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Alito, Gorsuch, and Thomas as conservative. Supreme Court scholars have also developed measures of the justices' political ideologies, such as the Segal-Cover score.

The Segal-Cover score, which was first presented in a paper by State University of New York-Stony Brook professors Jeffrey Segal and Albert Cover, is based on an analysis of newspaper editorials published between the time of each justice's nomination to the Supreme Court and his or her confirmation by the U. Scores range from 0, which is the most conservative, to , which is the most liberal. On April 9, , the court announced it would hear oral arguments via teleconference for its April and May sittings.

The arguments followed the same format the court used for its March sitting. On February 24, , the court announced it would hear oral arguments via teleconference for its March sitting.

The arguments followed the same format the court used for its February sitting. On January 22, , the court announced it would hear oral arguments via teleconference for its February sitting.

The arguments followed the same format the court used for its January sitting. On January 5, , the court announced it would hear oral arguments via teleconference for its January sitting. The arguments followed the same format the court used for its December sitting. On October 9, , the court announced it would hear oral arguments via teleconference for its November and December sittings.

The arguments followed the same format the court used for its October and May sittings. On September 16, , the court announced it would hear oral arguments via teleconference for its October sitting following the same format that was used during its May sitting in the term.

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Senate Judiciary Committee, —, and as Chief Counsel of the committee, — Samuel A. Alito, Jr. He served as a law clerk for Leonard I.

He was Assistant U. Department of Justice, —, and U. Attorney, District of New Jersey, — Bush nominated him as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, and he took his seat January 31, She earned a B. In , she earned a J. In , President George H. Bush nominated her to the U. She received an A.

She clerked for Judge Abner Mikva of the U. Court of Appeals for the D. Circuit from and for Justice Thurgood Marshall of the U. Supreme Court during the Term.

After briefly practicing law at a Washington, D.