What does cbf mean in text

GAPDH was used as a housekeeping gene. The mean expression values were again normalized using logarithm with the base of two. The color bar in all heat maps represents the expression values: red represents upregulation, black represents no significant difference in expression, and green denotes downregulation.

Two overexpressed lines OE-9 and OE were treated in low temperature conditions. Thirty seeds of wild-type and overexpressed plants were selected for treatment. Figure 7. Low-temperature tolerance of transgenic and wild-type A.

These results indicated that CsCBF3 may affect the expression of ABA-independent stress-induced genes to increase plant tolerance to cold stress. Figure 8. Low temperature is a major abiotic factor that limits crop productivity. To date, two CsCBF genes' biological function have been reported in tea plant. Wang et al. In addition, Wang et al. However, we failed to clone CsCBF2 TEA , which might be caused by draft nature of the current genome assembly with low assembly quality.

It is widely accepted that transcription factors must be present in the nucleus to perform their functions Wang et al. In our vivo targeting experiment using a CsCBFs-fused GFP as a florescent marker demonstrated that the fusion protein was localized to the nucleus of tobacco leaf, suggesting that CsCBFs are nuclear proteins and functions as transcription factors. The results are consistent with the findings in cotton Shan et al. We designed a yeast single hybrid experiment to verify the transcriptional activities of CsCBFs.

This finding is similar to the findings of Sakuma and Zhao Sakuma et al. A plausible explanation is probably because the secondary structure of the CsCBF1 protein itself is abnormal or CsCBF1 is required to be activated by a posttranslational modification. AtCBF gene is involved in response to low temperature and abscisic acid.

AtCBF4 gene is involved in response to drought stress and abscisic acid treatment, but not to low temperature Novillo et al. We examined the expression patterns of CsCBF genes in relation to various environmental stresses.

CsCBF genes were induced to varying degrees by other abiotic stress treatment including exposure to high temperature, drought, exogenous hormones, or salinity. CsCBF4 had a strong response to salinity stress, which was similar to the study by Wang et al. Whether there is redundancy or feedback circuit function among CsCBFs genes needed to be further research. Different numbers plant hormone-responsive cis-elements were detected in the CsCBF promoters including abscisic acid, MeJA, ethylene, gibberellin, salicylic acid, auxin-responsive element.

Results consistent with Wang et al. The molecular regulatory mechanisms of CsCBFs at the crossroads of plant hormone signaling in cold stress response need to be further elucidation. Light responsiveness motifs were also found in CsCBF promoters. Large numbers of stress responsiveness cis-elements were found in CsCBF promoters, giving the reason tea plant can defend the cold stress.

The results showed that in the case of CsCBF3 overexpression, transgenic plants showed enhanced resistance to cold damage. We also observed overexpression of CsCBF3 resulting in delayed flowering and dwarfism. Under a cold environment, 4-weeks-old overexpression plants had a much higher survival rate than wild-type plants.

To clarify how CsCBF3 -overexpressing transgenic plants cope with low temperature stress, we examined the relative expression level of the downstream target gene of CBF identified in Arabidopsis plants. The results showed that the genes belonging to the ABA-independent pathway had a higher expression than the ABA-dependent genes when transgenic Arabidopsis plants were exposed to cold stress. Zhang et al. The function of CsCBF3 overexpression in tea plant can't be studied because of genetic transformation system has not been established.

CsCBF proteins were localized to the nucleus. CsCBF gene expression could be affected by abiotic stress and plant hormones. YL and EX designed the study. ZH and QB prepared the manuscript. All authors consent to the manuscript. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The authors are thankful to Prof. Data Sheet S1. The amino acid sequences of CBF genes used in phylogenetic tree construction.

Data Sheet S2. Expression level of CsCBFs under abiotic stresses. Data Sheet S3. Agarwal, M. Agarwal, P. Transcription factors in plants and ABA dependent and independent abiotic stress signaling. Akhtar, M. Baker, S. Ban, Q. Comparative analysis of the response and gene regulation in cold resistant and susceptible tea plants.

Barrero-Gil, J. CBFs at the crossroads of plant hormone signaling in cold stress response. Integration of low temperature and light signaling during cold acclimation response in Arabidopsis. Chinnusamy, V.

ICE1: a regulator of cold-induced transcriptome and freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis. Genes Dev. Das, A. Generation and characterization of expressed sequence tags in young roots of tea Camellia assamica. Dubouzet, J.

Ebrahimi, M. A novel CBF that regulates abiotic stress response and the ripening process in oil palm Elaeis guineensis fruits. Tree Genet. Genomes Eremina, M. Hormonal control of cold stress responses in plants. Life Sci. Fang, Z. Hong, J. Isolation and functional characterization of the Ca-DREBLP1 gene encoding a dehydration-responsive element binding-factor-like protein 1 in hot pepper Capsicum annuum L.

Planta , — Hou, Y. Genome-wide characterization of the basic leucine zipper transcription factors inCamellia sinensis. Hu, Y. Cell 25, — Huang, G. Signal transduction during cold, salt, and drought stresses in plants. Jaglo, K. Kidokoro, S. Foreseen Asked Questions.

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In summary, the authors did not find strong support for a beneficial effect of fitness in any age group once moderator variables were considered, and in fact found a negative association between fitness and cognition in studies using a pre-post design. Only a very small number of studies report a beneficial effect of fitness or physical activity on select cognitive domains in young people Themanson et al.

In summary, more work is needed in young adults to determine neurophysiological effects of aerobic fitness and their functional relevance in terms of health and cognition. Aerobic fitness is believed to reduce age-related atrophy, mainly in the hippocampus Erickson et al. In this study the focus was on cerebrovascular function, not brain structure, however, if structural differences were present, this would affect CBF and CVR.

The VBM analysis showed that gray matter global volume differences due to fitness were not present. As this group was young and healthy, this finding is not wholly surprising, and suggests that volumetric differences only become apparent in later life, adding to our knowledge of the lifelong effects of aerobic fitness.

Hemoglobin Hb levels were not measured. Hb is responsible for transport of O 2 to tissue. The concentration of Hb in blood affects exercise performance; lower Hb means that blood can carry less oxygen Calbet et al.

In addition, Hb affects perfusion estimates as there is an inverse relationship between [Hb] and the longitudinal relaxation time T 1 of blood. Brain capillary [Hb] cannot be measured directly in vivo , however, peripheral capillary samples may provide an indication of Hb differences between subjects or groups which could help to explain biological mechanisms driving CBF differences.

Second, investigations were restricted to gray matter. However, adequate blood supply and energy metabolism is necessary for all round brain health, and aging is associated with damage to white matter microstructure and reductions in myelination Gunning-Dixon et al.

Therefore, improvement of methods to study the WM vasculature are also needed to understand the global effects of fitness. The voxelwise and ROI analyses did not show the same statistical significances. While the voxelwise analysis of CBF revealed regions of significantly lower CBF with fitness, the ROI analysis showed a non-significant trend in the same direction for global gray matter.

Although ASL offers significant benefits in terms of quantification of physiological parameters, the SNR may have prevented detection of greater voxelwise associations with V. Lastly, there are known hormonal effects on exercise test performance de Jonge, and CBF Brackley et al.

This is a preferable option to limiting studies to males only as hormonal differences may play a role in the acute response to exercise and possibly in mediating the effects of fitness on brain health. The results of this study suggest that aerobic fitness is associated with lower CBF and greater CVR in young, healthy adults, however, the modest effects observed need replication in larger samples.

We currently know very little about the functional relevance of CBF or CVR differences in young adults, and how the observed neurophysiological effects of physical training differ from those observed in older adults.

With recent advances in quantitative MRI techniques, non-invasive mapping of multiple indices of cerebrovascular function, e. Notably, regional CBV quantification would bring us a step closer to comparisons with experimental data on angiogenesis and capillary density following exercise. Application of these techniques to study brain function in both young and older trained and sedentary adults will provide information necessary to move forward in developing exercise training protocols to increase the adoption of fitness training as a preventative health tool.

Research over the next decade should also work to establish whether regular exercise regardless of intensity level delivers brain benefits, or whether there is an aerobic fitness threshold, above which benefits such as maintained CBF with aging, are observed.

Answering this question will guide optimal exercise dose recommendations and interventional studies. This manuscript can be found as a preprint on BioRxiv Foster et al.

The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author. CF conceived and designed the study with input from RW. CF and RW analyzed the data. CF prepared the manuscript with RW providing input and interpretation of results as well as reviewing and editing the final manuscript. VT supervised CF throughout the project.

All authors approved the manuscript before submission. This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust Grant Nos. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Aanerud, J. Brain energy metabolism and blood flow differences in healthy aging. Blood Flow Metab.

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